Boardman said the utilities are now also preparing to meet regulatory requirements associated with setting up large hydrogen plants in proximity to nuclear plants. In September, utilities met to organize two stakeholder groups: one will focus on regulatory needs, and the other will actually engineer and tap into the thermal energy systems at these light water reactors [to take] large amounts of thermal energy [and] support the hydrogen production, he said. The results of the UniSim analysis showed that the low-temperature interface design was an effective heat-pump concept, transferring 31.5 MWt from the low-temperature leg of the gas turbine power cycle to the HTE process boiler, while consuming 16.0 MWe of compressor power. This working group facilitates pathways for financing nuclear hydrogen generation projects, including pilot and demonstration projects. There are many combinations of performance, efficiency, lifetime, and cost targets that can achieve the central goal of low-cost hydrogen production of $2/kg H 2 by 2026 and $1/kg H 2 by 2031. For biomass gasification production, the nth plant scenario is estimated from the "Current Central Hydrogen Production via Although water electrolysis is a safe, simple, and clean method of producing hydrogen (4% of the global hydrogen production), the stability and cost of anode and cathode electrodes are still challenges . Small-scale testing ranges from single cells to multiple-cell stacks. Web@inproceedings{Stoots2007TestRO, title={Test Results of High Temperature Steam / CO 2 Co-electrolysis in a 10-Cell Stack American Nuclear Society Embedded Topical International Meeting on Safety and Technology of Nuclear Hydrogen Production , Control , and Management}, author={Carl Stoots and J. E. O'brien and Joseph J Hartvigsen}, NETL will additionally evaluate pipeline and distribution system component materials to assess degradation caused by blends of hydrogen and natural gas, which will lead to the identification of design selection and operational maintenance options to mitigate risk. And, in collaboration with NREL and INL, it will attempt to quantify the benefits of hydrogen production and assess opportunities for a broader build out of hydrogen generation and use.. HTE research also includes NERI projects at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute on the development of toughened SOEC composite seals and at the Georgia Institute of Technology on the microstructural design of SOEC materials. The integrated laboratory scale facility is designed to address larger-scale issues such as thermal management (feed-stock heating, high-temperature gas handling), multiple-stack hot-zone design, multiple-stack electrical configurations, and other integral issues. We believe that having central hydrogen plants based on electrolysis is going to be a great opportunity for us, Boardman said as he presented a U.S. perspective during a Hybrid Event at the 65th International Atomic Energy Agency General Conference on Sept. 21. Though the consortium does not include Exelon, the company that owns the nations largest nuclear fleet is alsoexploring low-temperature proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis at its Nine Mile Point nuclear plant in New York under a federal cost-shared agreement. Nuclear energy can produce reliable and scalable heat and electricity that can play a key role in decarbonizing these hard-to-abate sectors. Also, because nuclear energy has a very small geographic footprint, it can produce hydrogen at large scales. High-temperature electrolysis uses a somewhat different concept. Ceramic membranes that conduct ions at very high temperatures separate superheated steam at 600 to 800 degrees Celsius into oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy via High Temperature Electrolysis Full Record Related Research Abstract This paper presents the technical Hydrogen Production. Everything seems positive for us going forward so far, he said. PNM Resources, Southern California Public Power Authority, and LADWP). This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Along with targeted technology improvements, INL and other national labs are exploring high-volume manufacturing that will support drops in equipment costs. Located at the Neste biorefinery in Rotterdam, this high-temperature electrolyser will have a nominal power input of 2.6 MW and a hydrogen production capacity of 60 kg/h, The HTE hydrogen production loop operated at 5 MPa, with plant conditions optimized to maximize plant performance (i.e., 800C electrolysis operating temperature, area specific resistance (ASR) = 0.4 ohm-cm2, and a current density of 0.25 amps/cm2). This working group also develops and implements strategies to inform key players in each of these markets. This working group ensures hydrogen production from nuclear energy is included in hydrogen roadmaps, energy resource planning and other government energy and decarbonization policies. Pure steam electrolysis for hydrogen production as well as coelectrolysis for syngas production from steam/carbon dioxide mixtures have both been considered. A general thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production based on high-temperature thermal water splitting processes is presented. The Half-Module initially produced 1.2 normal m3of H2/hour and 0.65 Nm3/hr at the end of the 2040-hour continuous test. OBrien, JE. Advanced reactor developers are also exploring hydrogen production at the new generation of designs. The Opportunity: Zero-carbon fuels like hydrogen and ammonia present tremendous opportunities to decarbonize our energy system. Therefore, these improvements will only make it more competitive, and were very excited about this., DOE Envisions Future Grids Transformation into a Network, From POWERs New Editors Studio: Business Trends Driving Opportunities, Challenges, Texas-Based Utility Teams Up with Mitsubishi Power to Explore Carbon Reduction Opportunities, Biomass Pellets Offer a Carbon-Neutral Alternative to Coal, Major India Utility Plans Massive Increase in Renewable Energy, FERC Tackles Modernization of U.S. Power Markets, Former SCANA CEO Will Land in Prison as Result of V.C. But, around 95% of the hydrogen currently produced in the United States comes from natural gasresulting in carbon emissions. This paper introduces the work being done in the development of high temperature electrolysis of steam. Palo Verde Generating Station (Tonopah, AZ). Nuclear hydrogen production technologies have great potential to grow the hydrogen share in a future world economy, with key advantages over other energy sources that might be considered to generate hydrogen. DOE supported the construction and installation of a low-temperature electrolysis system at the Nine Mile Point nuclear power plant. These modifications include changes in plant configuration, operating conditions and individual component designs. It reviews and identifies global market opportunities, and crafts ideas for potential commercial partnerships to ensure cost and performance competitiveness and address rates of deployment and scalability. heavy-duty gas turbines that are capable of combusting 100% hydrogen in volume by 2030. Nuclear technologies have the potential to produce hydrogen in a clean, efficient manner, and at the potential scale required to drive decarbonization in hard-to-abate energy sectors without the space constraints of other means of hydrogen production. Pinnacle Wests financial documents suggest the project is being rolled out in phases that are planned through 2023. These include Redhawk, located near Palo Verde; Ocotillo, located in Tempe; Sundance, located in Coolidge; West Phoenix, located in southwest Phoenix; Saguaro, located north of Tucson; and Yucca, located near Yuma. Because high temperature electrolysis is an evolving technology, a reliable cost estimate for the INL high temperature electrolysis design was needed to Advancing high temperature electrolysis: Splitting water to store energy as hydrogen While energy sources such as wind and solar are great at producing BL electrolysis produces a green fuel, hydrogen, and lignin, a high added-value compound. ANL has also been performing diagnostic measures on components form long-duration tests at the INL and Ceramatec to determine the causes for the slow degradation in cell performance. BL electrolysis produces a green fuel, hydrogen, and Since most of the energy required for this process is already provided by heat, the electrical energy requirement is lower. Were hopeful this will come together within the next decade, and then well truly achieve the Earthshot goal, he said. The U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen Program conducts research and development in hydrogen production, delivery, infrastructure, storage, fuel cells, and multiple end uses across transportation, industrial, and stationary power applications. 1000 Independence Ave. SWWashington DC 20585202-586-5000. But my final point is, were probably already competitive, especially when we take into account blue hydrogen and the cost of carbon capture and sequestration, he said, pointing to the graph above. Hydrogen produced from nuclear energy is clean in the same way as hydrogen produced from renewable energy, because nuclear energy is a zero-carbon source of electricity and heat. The analyses were performed using the HYSYS process modeling software. Also notably involved is the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), a public power entity that in May 2021 outlined plans to convert four Los Angelesarea gas-fired power plants to run on hydrogen under the HyDeal LA project in coordination with the Green Hydrogen Coalition. Therefore, these improvements will only make it more competitive, and were very excited about this.. plant design is driven by a 600 megawatt thermal high-temperature helium-cooled reactor coupled to a direct Brayton power cycle. Although the color scheme was once a popular way to classify different hydrogen production methods, policymakers and the business community have increasingly moved towards classifying hydrogen as clean focusing on the greenhouse gas emissions from production sources. High-temperature electrolysis for large-scale hydrogen and syngas production from nuclear energy summary of system simulation and economic analyses Int J Hydrogen Energy , 35 ( 2010 ) , pp. System analysis results have been obtained using the commercial code UniSim, augmented with a custom high-temperature electrolyzer module. Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant (Red Wing, MN). n addition, APS leases approximately 12.1% of Unit 2, resulting in a 29.1% combined ownership and leasehold interest in that unit. It also includes Xcel Energy, which in October 2020 got $10 million to explore hydrogen production using high-temperature steam electrolysis likely at its Prairie Island nuclear plant in Minnesota. The innovative power-to-power demonstration led by PNW Hydrogen is set to receive $20 million in federal funding, including $12 million from the Department of Energys, The funding formally kicks off the demonstration, which will involve multiple stakeholders in research, academia, industry, and state-level government. In opposition to water electrolysis, a symmetric process with two different gases produced at the electrodes, hydrogen and oxygen, BL The design of the hydrogen production process loop also included a steam-sweep gas system to remove oxygen from the electrolysis stack so that it can be recovered and used for other applications. Hydrogen is now produced primarily via steam reforming of methane. The high-capacity factors drive down the cost of hydrogen production and create a security of supply for customers. The paper will also present the optimized design for the reference nuclear-driven HTE hydrogen production plant which may be compared with other hydrogen production methods and power cycles to evaluate relative performance characteristics and plant economics. WebThe electrolysis of black liquor (BL) has emerged as a new form to valorize this byproduct from the pulp and paper industry. It also includes Xcel Energy, which in October 2020 got $10 million to explore hydrogen production using high-temperature steam electrolysis likely at its Prairie According to post test examination at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the electrochemical reactions have been recognized as one of the prevalent causes of their degradation. WebThat heat can enable the use of High Temperature Electrolysis (HTE), a more efficient electrolysis process which can further drive down hydrogen costs. In terms of technology demonstration, the INL successfully completed a 1000-hour test of the HTE Integrated Laboratory Scale (ILS) technology demonstration experiment during the fall of 2008. High-temperature electrolyzers use both heat and electricity to split water and are more efficient. Using electricity and heat Telephone: +43 (1) 2600-0, Facsimile +43 (1) 2600-7, 19982023 IAEA, All rights reserved. Thats why the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is investing billions to help lower the cost and scale up the production of clean hydrogen by leveraging the nations existing energy assets, including nuclear power plants. Reaching this cost reduction goal would open new markets for hydrogen, in addition to creating more clean energy jobs, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and making America a more competitive actor in the global clean energy market. The intent of this design change is to mitigate, Over the last five years there has been a growing interest in the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, particularly to augment transportation fuels and thus reduce our dependence on imported petroleum. The goal of the project is to prove the technical feasibility and economic benefits of clean hydrogen production, which could facilitate future opportunities for large-scale commercialization. There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the program $1,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2022 through 2026, to remain available until expended. An air sweep gas system was used to remove oxygen from the anode side of the electrolyzer. Using CO 2 electrolysis, the greenhouse gas CO 2 is converted directly into carbon monoxide. The detailed model included realistic representations of all major components in the system, including pumps, compressors, heat exchange equipment, and the electrolysis stack. Solid Oxide Electrolytic Cells (SOECs) consume electricity and steam and produce hydrogen and oxygen. Larger reactors are more suitable for cogeneration while smaller and modular reactors are more appropriate for hydrogen generation as a single commodity. A high-temperature advanced nuclear reactor coupled with a high-efficiency high-temperature electrolyzer could achieve a competitive thermal-to 1236), Report: Nuclear Energy for a Net Zero World. This report reveals how untapped options for clean hydrogen can put the world back on a pathway to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement. As governments and private sector leaders consider solutions to decarbonize the global energy matrix, hydrogen has increasingly emerged as one promising pathway to net-zero. This paper describes the resulting new INL reference design and presents results of system analyses performed to optimize the design and to determine required plant performance and operating conditions. Current small-scale experimental research is focused on improving the degradation characteristics of the electrolysis cells and stacks. There are many combinations of performance, efficiency, lifetime, and cost targets that can achieve the central goal of low-cost hydrogen production of $2/kg H 2 by 2026 and $1/kg H 2 by 2031. Argonne National Laboratory has been performing experiments for the development of new electrode materials, as well as modeling of the fluid dynamics and flowsheets for comparison with the work being done at the INL. Additional funding, through Inflation Reduction Act, also includes support for clean hydrogen production via tax credits that will award up to $3/kg for low carbon hydrogen. Yes, nuclear energy can produce clean hydrogen in reliable, scalable, and efficient ways. DOE is negotiating an award with Arizona Public Service and PNW Hydrogen to demonstrate another low-temperature electrolysis system at the Palo Verde Generating Station. Not a subscriber or a registered user yet? NETL on Oct. 13 said that it plans to contribute to the project through several different areas of hydrogen research and development. Thermal CO2-splitting and water splitting for syn-gas production can be accomplished via high-temperature electrolysis, using high-temperature nuclear Nuclear energy generates zero-carbon baseload electricity at high-capacity factors (90%, vs. renewable capacity factors that range between 20-40%). WebThe Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR) is a new reactor concept developed by the authors to produce high-temperature heat (750 to 1000+EC) for efficient production of electricity and thermochemical H2. Furthermore, nuclear energy generates not just electricity, but also heat. Proceedings of the 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. DavisBesse Nuclear Power Station (Oak Harbor, OH). EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The most recent large-scale test of HTE was performed from June 28 through Sept 22, 2006 at the Ceramatec plant in Salt Lake City. Thats shown by the solid [horizontal] lines on the left. PNW Hydrogens involvement in the Arizona project is especially notable because its parent company, investor-owned corporation Pinnacle West, derives nearly all of its revenues and earnings from its principal subsidiary, APS. These electrolysis systems use the heat and steam g. There is evolving support and increased interest in exploring the possibilities and benefits of nuclear hydrogen production. Low-temperature electrolysis produces hydrogen SOFCs consume hydrogen and oxygen and produce steam and electricity. At least one of the hubs will be focused on clean hydrogen production using nuclear energy, DOE said. Progress at ongoing U.S. nuclear hydrogen production demonstrations is also encouraging, Boardman said. The group identifies technical challenges and develops recommendations to address them, as well as develops recommendations and implementation plans for potential pilot programs. High Temperature Electrolysis (HTE) is built on the technology of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which were invented over a century ago, but which have been most vigorously developed during the last twenty years. A peak H2 production rate of 5.7 Nm3/hr was achieved. This paper presents the technical case for high-temperature nuclear hydrogen production. This report explores how a nuclear energy source can produce clean hydrogen not only in large quantities, but also in high quality at relatively low cost, without any carbon emissions. Because the Arizona demonstration is part of a larger nuclear industry-led effort to explore hydrogens future role for nuclear in renewables-saturated power markets, it will also involve input from, members of a utility consortium, which are already working with INL, exploring low-temperature proton exchange membrane (PEM), PNW Hydrogens involvement in the Arizona project is especially notable because its parent company, investor-owned corporation Pinnacle West, derives nearly all of its revenues and earnings from its principal subsidiary, APS. ORGANIZATION Experiments have been conducted for the last three years at the Idaho National Laboratory and at Ceramatec, Inc. on the operation of button cells and of progressively larger stacks of planar cells. Download Toolkit on Nuclear Hydrogen Production, Countries Pursue Nuclear Energy for Water, Hydrogen Production, IAEA Meeting Assesses Economics of Nuclear Hydrogen Production, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100 In this case, the use of high Results of the process analyses showed that hydrogen production efficiencies in the range of 45% to 50% are achievable with this system. WebThe evolution of nuclear energy's role in hydrogen production over perhaps two decades is seen to be: Cold electrolysis of water, using off-peak capacity (needs 50-55 kWh/kg). The test apparatus consists of two stacks of 60 cells each in a configuration that will be used in the Integrated Laboratory Scale (ILS) experiment during FY-07. The decrease was primarily due to cell degradation. In this process, methane reacts with high-temperature steam to produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. These projects demonstrate the versatility of nuclear power to meet the demands for energy and energy products while achieving reductions in carbon emissions to the environment.. The MHR operates with a coolant outlet temperature of 950 C. Approximately 87% of the high-temperature heat is used to generate electricity at high efficiency using a direct, Brayton-cycle power conversion system. Hydrogen is now produced primarily via steam reforming of methane. DOE estimates that a single 1,000-megawatt reactor could produce up to 150,000 tons of hydrogen each year. Traditional and advanced nuclear reactors are well-suited to provide this constant heat and electricity needed to produce clean hydrogen, which could open new markets for nuclear power plants. In addition, the INL has been performing analyses of the cell-scale fluid dynamics and plant-scale flowsheets in order to determine optimum operating conditions and plant configurations. plant design is driven by a 600 megawatt thermal high-temperature helium-cooled reactor coupled to a direct Brayton power cycle. Nuclear energy can be used to produce hydrogen without consuming fossil fuels and without emitting greenhouse gases through the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen. However, INL is also looking into several other end-uses at its dedicated Dynamic Energy Transport and Integration Lab (DETAIL), Boardman said. Hydrogen production is expected to begin in early 2024. WebThis makes production of hydrogen via electrolysis cost competitive in many regions already, as gas cooled nuclear reactors have the potential to split hydrogen from water by thermochemical means using nuclear heat. System analysis results have been obtained using the commercial code UniSim, augmented with a custom high-temperature electrolyzer module. The initiatives latest report explores the potential for nuclear hydrogen to provide a pathway to net-zero emissions, and gives an overview of the global policy landscape for nuclear hydrogen. Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative of the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy is developing three general categories of high temperature processes for hydrogen production: thermochemical, electrolytic and hybrid thermo-electrolytic. DOE is continuing to support the development and maturation of clean hydrogen production, including funding for six to 10regional clean hydrogen hubs across the United States through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. The UniSim model assumed a 600 MWt Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) operating at a primary system pressure of 7.0 MPa and a reactor outlet temperature of 900C. The ILS will contain three modules of four stacks each. Energy Harbor is working to demonstrate a low-temperature electrolysis system at the DavisBesse Nuclear Power Station. Hightemperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) utilizes heat and electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, so, compared to LTE, the additional heat reduces Theres about $50 million being dedicated under [the. The results of this research led to the selection in 2009 of HTE as the preferred concept in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) hydrogen technology down-selection process. DOE estimates that a single 1,000-megawatt reactor could produce up to 150,000 tons of hydrogen each year. Development of a conceptual design is underway. Total H2 production rate decreased from 5.7 Nm3/hr to a steady state value, At the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, an integrated laboratory scale (ILS), 15 kW high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) facility has been developed under the U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative. However, when this concept was compared with the current INL reference direct Brayton cycle design and with a modification of the reference design to simulate an indirect Brayton cycle (both with heat extracted from the high-temperature portion of the power cycle), the latter two concepts had higher overall hydrogen production rates and efficiencies compared to the low-temperature heatpump concept, but at the expense of higher interface temperatures. All rights reserved. According to Richard Boardman, director for Energy and Environment Science and Technology Programs Office at INL, U.S-based initiatives to explore nuclear hydrogens potential have focused mainly on industrial uses because the U.S. already has several existing hydrogen pipelines that feed industrial centers.
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