62616270, 2005. Alternatively to previous collector, bulk deposition samples can be collected with a stainless steel platter whose diameter and depth were 6076 cm and 19cm, respectively [22, 26]. 509513, 2012. This plate made of polyvinyl chloride, and similar to those used in wind tunnel studies, is mounted on a wind vane and is 21.5cm long, 8cm wide, and 0.8cm thick with a sharp leading edge (<10 angle) pointing toward the wind direction [17, 4957]. M. Langner, T. Draheim, and W. Endlicher, Particulate matter in the urban atmosphere: concentration, distribution, reductionresults of studies in the Berlin metropolitan area, in Perspective in Urban Ecology, Ecosystems and Interactions Between Humans and Nature in the Metropolis of Berlin, W. Endlicher, Ed., pp. The MDN sampler modified Aerochem Metric Sampler/USA-NADP is equipped with double system for Hg (glass funnel, glass capillary, and bottle) and trace metals (PE or Teflon funnel and PE or Teflon bottle). 5-6, pp. Further works have been carried out on the atmospheric mercury deposition, and many of these ones were treated in a review of studies of 2012 [201] in which the current understanding on atmospheric Hg emissions, distribution, and transport in China was reported. Speciation of deposited particle gives the opportunity to study mass balance of some metals as in the case of mercury in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior, which showed that atmospheric deposition contributes largely to the total annual input of mercury [19, 20]. 959974, 2005. S. Guerzoni, G. Rampazzo, E. Molinaroli, and P. Rossini, Atmospheric bulk deposition to the Lagoon of Venicepart II. 56, pp. 14, no. 12, no. Methodology The study was carried out between January-March 2009. 745767, 1991. 5, pp. 67656774, 2012. Presence of particulate , , and , in the so called secondary aerosol, is the result of the reaction between gaseous precursors SO2 and of anthropogenic origin, with oxidants such as O3 and OH radicals, toward the formation of H2SO4-containing aerosol and gaseous HNO3, and then to the reaction with NH3 precursor. 50, no. 6, pp. Y. Tasdemir, C. Kural, S. S. Cindoruk, and N. Vardar, Assessment of trace element concentrations and their estimated dry deposition fluxes in an urban atmosphere, Atmospheric Research, vol. B. Feng, Z. G. Li et al., Distribution and wet deposition fluxes of total and methyl mercury in Wujiang reservoir Basin, Guizhou, China, Atmospheric Environment, vol. Scoops and spoons are inexpensive, widely available, non-mechanical, very portable, able to sample nearly every sediment type and easy to use. 2013, Article ID 426492, 7 pages, 2013. 5905, pp. Finally, GKSS/Germany model sampler has a Teflon funnel (diameter 35cm) and brown-glass bottles. The collected culture can then be incubated . The most of these fluxes are due to particles larger than 2.5m in size due to their high deposition velocities. The sample bags were sealed in the field with plastic clips, double bagged in zip-sealed bags, and placed in nylon stuff sacks to limit abrasion during transport from the collection sites. Air Sampling. After the deposition collecting, and before the extraction and analysis of deposited pollutants of interest, the grease on the strip or films has to be eliminated. 39, no. Where possible, sediment should be collected from a depth of 60 cm below the water surface. R. Bargagli, F. F. Monaci, F. Borghini, F. F. Bravi, and C. Agnorelli, Mosses and lichens as biomonitors of trace metals. The coated samples were then exposed in a desiccator cabinet to a relative humidity of 85% for 2h to allow the sulfate present to react with BaCl2 to form distinctive products (BaSO4) identifiable by SEM [4348]. Aspergillus niger ( A. niger) and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) were selected in this experiment to examine parallels, correlations and differences between the two methods. 1, pp. The results also indicate that the best approach to estimate overall dry deposition is by using either coarse particle or total particle concentrations. 337, no. C. S. C. Wong, X. D. Li, G. Zhang, S. H. Qi, and X. The majority of mercury emissions originate from combustion of fossil fuel, followed by artisanal small scale gold mining, nonferrous metal production, cement production, caustic soda production, waste disposal, pig iron production, and other processes [193]. Generically, such solids-liquid separation processes are sometimes referred to as clarification processes. All collectors shall have a cylindrical vertical section of sufficient height to avoid sampling losses resulting from splashing and the diameter for the opening area and the volume of the collector need to be selected in order to collect all the precipitation for the required sampling duration. 263271, 1996. About 60mL glycol was also added into each bucket to avoid freezing of water in winter and to reduce the effects of biodegradation. 1214, pp. Different extraction and analytical methods were used to detect the sixteen EPA priority PAHs (naphthalene (NAP), acenaphthene (ACE), acenaphthylene (ACY), fluorene (FLO), phenanthrene (PHE), anthracene (ANT), fluoranthene (FLA), pyrene (PYR), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP), and benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP)): Soxhlet extraction clean-up using a silica gel column and GC-MS analysis [27, 32]; solid-phase extraction using speed C18 cartridges (acetone:tetrahydrofuran, 1:1v/v) and analysis of the extracts by GC-FID; liquid-liquid extraction (MeOH) followed by GC-MS analysis [22] or UV/VIS HPLC analysis [30] or HPLC-FL analysis [33]; accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) followed by GC-MS analysis of the extract [27]. This implies that the monitor should concentrate the element of interest and quantitatively reflect its ambient conditions [93]. Thus, the atmospheric deposition of the trace elements except Hg in Tokyo Bay is predominantly dry deposition. 1, pp. have used a tube filled with XAD-2 and connected to a borosilicate glass funnel for monitoring bulk deposition flux of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs [30]. These values were higher than those measured in Turkey near an industrial site, where average particulate 41-PCBs dry deposition fluxes were 349 183 and 469 328ngm2d1 in summer and winter [146] and, at a suburban site, where PCBs flux ranged from 2 to 160ngm2d1 [148]. 4, pp. P. tobira, a versatile and diffuse evergreen ornamental species in the Mediterranean urban environment, is a suitable passive biomonitor, useful to assess levels and distribution patterns of inorganic solid pollutants in urban areas. in 2011 detected the bulk deposition of 15 PAHs in remote, rural village, and urban areas of Beijing Tianjin region, North China, in spring, summer, fall, and winter [32]. 1, pp. Mercury is released in to the atmosphere through both natural and anthropogenic activities [6371] in three main forms: elemental vapour Hg(0), gaseous divalent Hg(II), and particulate phase mercury Hg(p). 2, pp. Most common biological species used in biomonitoring with main properties and references. This document describes general and specific procedures, methods and considerations to be used and observed when collecting ambient air samples for field screening or laboratory analysis. 17, no. 24, no. M. J. Zufall and C. I. Davidson, Dry deposition of particles, in Atmospheric Particles, R. M. Harrison and R. van Grieken, Eds., IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems 5, pp. EPA. S.-M. Yi, E.-Y. For mosses, Kuik and Wolterbeek [219] found relatively high crustal contributions to the moss levels of elements such as Al, Sc, La, and further lanthanides; D. H. Brown and R. M. Brown [96] suggested that the increase in cation exchange capacity from moss apex to base is part of its natural balance of elements which, in turn, is affected by the proximity of the soil. 14, no. Tsitouridou and Anatolaki [39] observed that the contribution of dry deposition to the total (wet + dry) at urban site and for the site closed the power plant in Greece is higher (6070%) than wet deposition for ions, while an opposite pattern characterized by higher contribution for wet than dry deposition was observed for the remote site. Collected particulate samples are coated with barium chloride (BaCl2) in a vacuum evaporator, whose pressure is maintained below 106mmHg. 20452058, 1999. Congener pattern analysis and bulk deposition fluxes in rural sites confirmed a long-range atmospheric transport of PCDDs/Fs in areas characterized by low level contamination and their moderate seasonal variation with higher winter fluxes than during summertime. N. Pirrone, P. Costa, J. M. Pacyna, and R. Ferrara, Mercury emissions to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources in the Mediterranean region, Atmospheric Environment, vol. For lichen analyses of PAHs, approximately each sample was extracted in a Soxhlet with acetonitrile for 24h. After extraction, all extracts were concentrated by rotary vacuum evaporation and cleaned up in a florisil column with acetonitrile as eluting solvent. 16291635, 1998. 45, no. 49, no. Mercury emissions from natural processes (primary mercury + reemissions), including mercury depletion events, were estimated to be 5,207Mgy1 which represent more than 70% of the global mercury emission budget (GEb) (see Table 10). Concentration of Hg in samples of lichen Hypogymnia physodes, the moss Pleurozium schreberi, and the soil humus collected in Polish and Czech Euroregions Praded and Glacensis showed a statistical similarity to the concentrations determined for other areas located far from significant sources of Hg, with some different surface distributions in the considered regions [114]. 1, 2013. The most commonly used organisms for air pollution and atmospheric deposition assessment, conducted in natural and forested ecosystems or in urban environments, were lichens, mosses, pine needles, and plants. The soil and sediment samples were stored for 7 days at 23 C. 2, pp. 9, pp. 11771185, 1999. The atmospheric deposition of organics pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/Fs), can be estimated using different suitable collectors, as listed in Table 2 [2125]. 59515964, 2010. 3, pp. Furthermore, Hg(p) concentrations in Chinese urban air are generally significantly high, where the observations fell in a range from 109 to 1180pgm3. On the contrary, the wet-only samplers are made of quartz glass funnel (diameter 25cm, area 490cm2), Teflon tube (length 25cm), and Teflon bottles (1L), and the NSA 181 KD/Germany sampler also has a thermostatic system for samples maintained at 4C. Cao et al. While vegetation is mainly used to provide information on the short-term exposure to PCDDs/Fs, soil samples are also commonly analyzed in order to describe long-term exposure to PCDDs/Fs, since soil is a sink for these compounds [111]. M. Blasco, C. Domeo, and C. Nern, Use of lichens as pollution biomonitors in remote areas: comparison of PAHs extracted from lichens and atmospheric particles sampled in and around the Somport tunnel (pyrenees), Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 28, pp. 241242, 1983. M. Odabasi, A. Sofuoglu, N. Vardar, Y. Tasdemir, and T. M. Holsen, Measurement of dry deposition and air-water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the water surface sampler, Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 6, pp. Y.-S. Wu, G.-C. Fang, J.-C. Chen et al., Ambient air particulate dry deposition, concentrations and metallic elements at Taichung Harbor near Taiwan Strait, Atmospheric Research, vol. 426434, 1999. 19191931, 1997. I. Hunov, J. Maznov, and P. Kurfrst, Trends in atmospheric deposition fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen in Czech forests, Environmental Pollution, vol. 3-4, pp. Particulate Matter Sampling - Beijing Air Pollution: Real-time Air . 21, pp. Air sampling methods deepak ravi. Despite the approximations used, the estimated fluxes result in good agreement with those measured [42, 53, 57, 125, 128130]. and Yun et al. 133151, 1978. 83, no. While for the second category containing The deposition profile was dominated by fluorene (1728%), phenanthrene (2235%), pyrene (12%), and chrysene (911%) [15, 21, 22, 27, 32]. The majority of these studies were conducted in natural and forested ecosystems or in urban environments [111, 112]. 184, pp. 668675, 2014. 9, pp. 12, pp. More recently, using spatial models of PAHs accumulated in lichens, it was possible to fingerprint multiple sources of atmospheric PAHs in a regional area. 3, pp. In later works, averaged elemental contents of filter-trapped air particulate materials or deposition were compared with biomonitors averaged metal concentrations: Andersen [213] reported parallelisms and linear relations in lichens, Sloof [99] and Jeran et al. 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