solar photovoltaic systems technical training manual pdf

Many times, people are given current density rather than current. In all series or parallel connection of batteries, the total energy of the batteries always gets added irrespective of the batteries are connected in series or parallel. The wire temperature could increase due to high ambient temperature (and exposure to direct sunlight) or it could also increase due to high current flowing through wires. Typically, the efficiency of the batteries is 80% to 90%. Continue the charging at starting rate till cell voltage reaches 2.35 V to 2.45 V. 12. Let us write voltage drop as Vdrop. So, the output power generated is less when light is 54 Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems: A Manual for Technicians, Trainers and Engineers Light falling perpendicular to solar cell gives maximum output power. Figure 2.3 Stand alone solar PV system with battery storage, electronics and appliances. Example 8.7 A house has the following DC loads rated at 12 V. (i) Three 40 W lights (ii) A 50 W fan All the loads are to be powered simultaneously using two parallel connected modules. Figure 1.4 Water tank analogy for electric power. The locations of string/array combiner boxes are determined to minimize DC cable lengths. This is why the number of discharged batteries will increase in very hot weather. The flow of current is depicted in Figure 9.2, and an expression of resistance is given as: R=r l (9.1) A Chapter 9:Wires 191 From the previous expression [Eq. If the value is positive, then the polarity is correct and if the meter reads negative value, it is due to reverse polarity. These solved examples give an idea for doing calculation for batteries connected in parallel. Table 7.7 The Estimation of Number of Batteries Required in Parallel Connection for a Given Output Capacity Parameters Symbol Value Unit Required battery array capacity Terminal voltage of a single battery (assuming all battery in parallel are identical) Ah capacity of single battery Number of batteries to be connected in parallel (NP) Ah capacity of parallel connected batteries Ahparallel V 300 12 ampere-hour volt Ah NP = Ahparallel/Ah Ahparallel = NP Ah 150 300/150 = 2 300 ampere-hour number ampere-hour Figure 7.8 Parallel connection of two lead-acid 150 Ah batteries. 52 Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems: A Manual for Technicians, Trainers and Engineers First, we convert area unit from square centimetre (cm2) to square metre (m2) by dividing area in cm2 by 10000. If the measured value is below 10.5 V, then battery is over-discharged and if voltage measured is above 13.5 V, then battery is over-charged. Part 2:Determining the configuration of PV plant (string size, inverter rating, etc.). Given the voltage applied is same for both? These levels are as follows: Nominal system voltage: This is the voltage at which battery and charge controller operate in a PV system. Figure 10.2 SPV system with DC load and control circuitry. It is called root mean square (RMS) value. Keep water also within the reach; in case the acid falls on the body, immediately wash it with water. 9.3 Type of Wires 9.3.1 Single-stranded and Multi-stranded Wire Figure 9.8 Multi-stranded wire. If yes, then replace the external casing of battery. Once we know the daily energy consumption, next thing we want is the sizes of inverter, battery and PV module which can supply the total daily energy required by the load. Note that once we know the diameter of wire, we can calculate the cross-section area of the wire. Open circuit voltage (Voc): At 0 A (open circuit), the voltage of the module is about 18 volt, therefore, Voc = 18 V. Maximum power point (Pm): From Table 4.2, the value of maximum power is 11.47 watt. The step by step approach is presented in the form of design chart. Pay particular attention to DC installation of PV array. We can use multimeter to measure the current flowing in a wire and voltage drop occurring across it. Output power estimation: Total AC load to be powered simultaneously is as follows: Load Light Fan Radio Wattage 60 W 90 W 60 W Quantity 3 2 1 Total load 180 W 180 W 60 W 420 W Chapter 8: Charge Controller, MPPT and Inverters 177 Input power estimation: Assume inverter efficiency is 90%. Solar cell converts sunlight energy into electrical energy. When the multimeter contact points are configured to measure voltage, the internal resistance of multimeter is highest and when multimeter contacts are configured to measure current, the internal resistance of the multimeter is minimum. In some cases, it may require that system must perform in all conditions, therefore, the over sizing of the battery is done. The grid-connected PV systems for large power applications are mainly designed to act as power plants and the main purpose of these power plants is to generate power and supply it to the grid. Commonly available insulation temperature ratings with maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75, and 90C depending on the type of insulating material. The battery is first charged with a constant current until its terminal voltage reaches the float potential value, Vbattery (float). Due to this, the voltage of parallel connected batteries is same as the voltage of single battery. (b) SPV module wattage estimation Energy from SPV module (W) Number of sunshine hours (h) SPV module wattage (W) 6555 4.5 6555 4.5 = 1456.6 1460 watts Chapter 10: Solar PV System Design and Integration 243 Step 5 Wiring, fuse and junction box selection: (a) Maximum direct current (DC) and voltage System Max DC wattage (W) DC system voltage (V) Max DC current (A) 1 1460 24 1460 24 = 60.88 62 A (b) DC wiring, fuse and junction box selection System Max DC voltage (V) and current (A) 1 24 V, 60 A SWG Fuse Switch/Junction box (c) Maximum alternating current (AC) and voltage System Max AC wattage (W) System AC voltage (V) Max AC current (A) 1 1147 W 230 1147 230 = 4.98 5 A (d) AC wiring, fuse and junction box selection System Max DC voltage (V) and current (A) 1 230 V, 5 A SWG (wire) Fuse Switch/junction box Example 10.3 Design a solar PV system for a house which contains 3 fans of 70 watts each running for 4 hours a day, 3 tubelights of 35 watts each running for 8 hours a day and a refrigerator of 250 watts running for 6 hours a day. Grid-connected solar PV systems: As the name suggests, a grid-connected solar PV system is connected with nearby available electricity grid. From the above discussion, we know that we need to select wire with limitation on current flow and limitation on voltage drop. Alternatively the wind energy can be converted to electrical energy (the most desired form of energy) by converting wind energy into mechanical energy (rotary motion of wind turbine), which is then converted to electrical energy using generators. Sealed batteries have the electrolyte or acid either gelled or put into a sponge-like glass mat. To any type of maintenance, the very first step we should do is to disconnect the battery from each and every electrical connections. Bulb A is used for 5 hours while bulb B is used for 10 hours. Step 4 Consider losses at PV array level: We can see from Table 11.4 that the total electricity production potential for site under consideration (for which solar radiation data is taken), and for the month of January is 170500 kWh. Chapter 12: Installation, Troubleshooting and Safety 12.6 Solar PV Plant Installation Check List 12.6.1 Electrical Testing of PV Array 12.6.2 Electrical Testing of Inverter 299 Ensure adequate open space is provided around ventilation panels for heat dissipation. There are many software are available in the market which can be used to design a solar PV power plant. The combination of all the components is referred as solar PV system. After considering the losses, the energy output of 1 MWp PV plant would be: Energy generated after considering module level losses = Ideal energy generated without losses (1 PV module level losses) 20.2 = 170500 kWh 1 = 170500 kWh (1 0.202) 100 = 170500 kWh (0.798) = 136059 kWh (in the month of January) Similar to this, calculations can also be done for other months. Chapter 12: Installation, Troubleshooting and Safety 291 Tubular lead-acid (Liquid electrolyte) batteries: The tubular lead-acid batteries are the deep discharge liquid electrolyte lead-acid batteries which are also used in electric vehicles and automobiles, and these are the batteries which require the most maintenance. Table 10.9 To Obtain Missing Quantities Load Inverter Total wattage of load (W) Output power (W) Efficiency (%) Input (VA) = (output (W) 100) Efficiency _____ W _____ W 90 (_____ 100 ) 90 = _____ VA _____ VA Worksheet 10.5: A solar inverter is chosen to supply energy of 2000 Wh per day to the connected load in a household. Review installation instructions for each component and become familiar with the installation process. The module/array DC current can cause permanent arc if there is an insulation fault. Calculating maximum DC system parameters like voltage and current: Table 10.21 Maximum Direct Current (DC) and Voltage System Max DC wattage (W) System DC voltage (V) Max DC current (A) 1 570 12 570 12 48 2 ____ W ____ V ____ ____= ____ 3 1320 24 1320 24 55 Calculating maximum AC system parameters like voltage and current: Table 10.22 Maximum Alternating Current (AC) and Voltage Max AC wattage (W) System AC voltage (V) Max AC current (A) 1 370 W 230 370 230 = 1.61 2 2 ____ W 230 ____ 230 = ____ System 240 Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems: A Manual for Technicians, Trainers and Engineers Calculation for various electric components like switch fuse, standard wire gauge (SWG) for DC connections: Table 10.23 DC Wiring, Fuse and Junction Box Selection System Max DC voltage (V) and current (A) 1 12 V, 48 A 2 ______ V, ______ A 3 24 V, 55 A SWG Fuse Switch/Junction box Calculation for various electric components like switch, fuse, standard wire gauge (SWG) for AC connections: Table 10.24 AC Wiring, Fuse and Junction Box Selection Max AC voltage (V) and current (A) System 1 230 V, 2 A 2 230 V, ____ A SWG (wire) Fuse Switch/Junction box This completes the design of a complete standalone solar PV system. Also, it is important to know not only the terms but also understand the difference between these terms. It is recommended to perform periodic maintenance for batteries depending on the type of battery. Since the solar intensities change on day to day and month to month basis. The wire thickness was measured after removing insulation present on it. Conversion can also be required from one type of power to other type; that is, the conversion of DC power to AC power or vice versa. The measurement of DC current with ammeter is shown in Figure 1.13 and the measurement of DC current with multimeter is shown in Figure 1.14. Check all fuses and the circuit breaker. Table 2.2 gives relationship between different energy units. Worksheet 8.5: Complete Table 8.9. So, an inverter would receive 24 V/100 A DC at its input. If the battery tests well but still fails to perform well, the following are some of the more common causes: The electrical load has exceeded the maximum power transfer resistance. A solar PV system is a system whose function is to generate electricity using sunlight and supply electricity to the load when required. Off-Grid solar PV system This project is considering the viability of having an off-grid PV system which can be used These losses include: 1. A 24 V battery is available. Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data. Fill in the blanks in Table 10.9. When a power converter converts one type of power to other type, or when it changes value of current and voltage, some power is consumed in conversion process itself. The same thing is presented in the form of graphs and hence it is easier to read or find out the wire diameters using graphical method. First, we write formula for the maximum power point of a solar cell given by expression Pm or Pmax = Im Vm Given that, Im = 0.71 A Vm = 16.5 V Therefore, maximum power point, Pm = 0.71 A 16.5 V = 11.71 W Now, we write formula for efficiency of a solar cell given by the expression h= where, h = Pmax = Pin = A = h = Pmax Pin A Efficiency in per cent (%) Output power in watt (W) Light input power per unit area in watt/square metre (W/m2) Solar cell area in square meter (m2) ? A P-V curve is plotted between power of a PV module on Y-axis and voltage of a PV module on X-axis. This energy could then be utilized to rotate the hydro turbines for generation of electricity. This develops a bond between the paste and the grid. Mainly the wires can be divided into the following four categories depending on their structures and applications: 1. As compared to the precise design parameters, such as exact amount of solar radiation, temperature variation at location, the variation of loads according to season are not considered. 57 4.2 Ratings of PV Module 58 4.3 Standard PV Module Parameters 59 4.3.1 I-V and P-V Characteristic of SPV Module 59 4.3.2 How Many Cells in Module? As a rule of thumb, minimum width between two rows is equal to the height of the panel structure. If the solar radiation data of the given location is not available, then solar radiation data of nearby station should be considered. In both cases, the bulb have same power, each is of 100 W. The difference is that one bulb is used for 5 hours and other bulb is used for 10 hours. In such cases, the distance between the PV module and battery may be large. Similarly, wind energy (movement of wind) and hydro energy (movement of water) are renewable energy sources, can be harnessed in any amount and cannot be depleted. Thus, for this application (example), the standard wire gauge number is 1/0. Due to this fact, that is, DoD is not 100%, the actual battery Ah capacity required to supply the Chapter 10: Solar PV System Design and Integration 235 required energy to the inverter will be higher as compared to estimated 201.66 Ah. Similarly, electrical current is the amount of charge (electrons) flowing past a fixed point. An example of mounting structure is shown in Figure 12.5. The inverters are becoming very efficient and power losses in inverter are in the range of 2% to 5%. Figure 1.21 Illustration of a household energy meter. The total load connected the system is of 5000 W. Use copper wire for the system. But in future, it is possible that DC loads may come in use and therefore, a separate table (Table 10.3) for DC loads is prepared. Grid is a network of the transmission lines or wires from various power plants to our homes and industries. Ensure DC and AC circuits are isolated when cables are interconnected. Current at maximum power point (Im):From Table 4.2, the current at maximum power point is 0.85 A. Such seasonal variation should also be considered while estimating annual energy consumption. In the above calculation, the hours of usage in the table is given on per day basis, therefore, the energy consumed by the appliances is also on per day basis. GFDI also isolates ungrounded positive conductor. The surplus DC energy generated by array is converted to AC by the inverter and is supplied to the load via grid. On the other hand, multi-stranded wire is composed of a bundle of wires or group of wires or strands of wire that are put together to make a large diameter conductor. The current density is given in units of A/cm2 or mA/cm2. All the loads are powered simultaneously. While designing a solar PV system comprises batteries, the one problem often faced is a proper choice of battery from many available batteries. Troubleshooting in a PV system can be performed by some visual inspection for the following components: 292 Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems: A Manual for Technicians, Trainers and Engineers Check the PV array for partial shading or dirt. The output voltage is independent of cell area. The battery is old. Figure 11.3 Indication of input and output voltage, current and power on a grid-connected inverter. So, a solar cell gives high power when the intensity of light falling is high. Thus, in present world context, this manual will be a useful tool to have. Monitor inverter output current using clamp-on current probe. Chapter 12: Installation, Troubleshooting and Safety 287 The grid-connected SPV system is a SPV system which supplies the power generated 12.2.2 Grid-connected or On-grid by the SPV system to the grid. To introduce the battery preparation steps, we take an example of typical 12 volt battery. Problem 9.5: A wire made of some conducting material has a resistance of 1.5 at 0C, and value of RTC/R0C for 60C is 1.25. Turn the load control knob in a clockwise direction until the ammeter reads approximately half of the cold cranking ampere of the battery. The current flow through human body can also results in paralysis, respiratory paralysis, disorder of the cardiac rhythm, and burnings resulting in death. We should write, when number of controllers are combined together, for instance, grid tied inverter have MPPT in-built, some MPPT may have charge controllers in-built. Figure 3.7 The effect of amount of light (light intensity) falling on solar cell on the output power for solar cell of 100 cm2 area and 16% efficiency. For liquid electrolyte batteries, the state of charge can be determined by checking for its specific gravity (described in following paragraph). This chapter is mainly devoted to grid-connected PV systems. Final array configuration is selected based on inverter input DC voltage window of operation. 7.20 There are various tools used for the maintenance of battery. For instance, a cooler will be used mainly in summer but not in winter. Fill in Table 2.11 on the estimation of daily energy requirement of appliances and total energy requirement of a household. 1.9.2 Use of Multimeter A simple multimeter can be used for measuring voltage, current and resistance; and also one can make its use for fault detection in small circuits or to find out the broken wires in a circuit. In series connection, the negative terminal of one battery is connected with the positive terminal of the other battery as shown in Figure 7.3. Applications of Batteries in Solar PV Systems 7.1 Why to Connect Batteries Together? in solar power plants. For instance, under Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, the government is awarding the contracts to install solar PV power plants in capacity of 5 MWp. In practice, inverter of higher power capacity than the power of total connected load is chosen. In terms of expression Pm is given as: Pm or Pmax = Im Vm Current at maximum power point (Im): This is the current which solar cell will produce when operating at maximum power point. 2.3.1 Solar PV Modules It has been discussed in Section 2.1.4 that the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth surface in the form of solar radiation is extremely large in amount; many thousands times more than our energy consumption from all other resources. But most of the loads around us use AC power. The DC and AC disconnect switches are also integrated with the inverter. The charge stored stays in a battery depends on the chemistry of battery. A wire with higher resistivity will have higher resistance (see Figure 9.6). Step 4: Determine the PV The SPV module must supply enough energy to the battery, so that battery can modules size (their number, supply enough energy to the inverter, in order to supply enough energy to the load as per the need. Module mounting structures 3. Before doing anything with battery, it should be disconnected from electrical contacts. 1.9 After understanding the meaning of various electrical terms, let us now understand how these electrical quantities are measured. It contains detailed information on several . Table 1.2 Summary of Electrical Terms and Their Units Name of electrical term Symbol of electrical term Measured in units Symbol of unit Alternative units Voltage Current Power Energy V I P E volt ampere watt watt-hour V A W Wh mV mA kW, MW kWh One watt-hour is a small amount of electrical energy. Therefore, the number of Module 3 required for 6 kWp system would be: Total PV plant capacity Rated power of one module 6 kWp 6000 = = = 41.37 145 Wp 145 Total no. The grid-connected inverter has built-in DC and AC voltage and current protections. 6.6.4 Shelf Life Batteries shelf life is directly affected by the rate of self-discharge. 1.8.1 DC Power Direction and value of DC current and DC voltage do not change with time. Cooking gas from biomass, also called biogas, is also an important source of energy. There is a huge shortage of energy supply. ISBN-978-81-203-4711-3 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Step 7Take operating losses in account: In practice, while PV modules operate in field, there are several losses that can occur. Plug the red lead in positive (+) jack V, and plug the black lead in the common () jack of the multimeter. There 184 Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems: A Manual for Technicians, Trainers and Engineers are electronic devices which ensure that at all light conditions, solar PV modules operate at maximum power point. of hours (n) Total watts (W No.) The inverter MPP tracking voltage range needs to match MPP voltage range of the array. When bunch of wires run side by side wherein the wires may be bonded, twisted or braided together, then it is referred as cables or wire cable. Table 10.1 Estimation of Energy Column numbers 1 2 3 4 5 = (3 4) 6 7 = (5 6) S. No Name of appliance watts (W) No. Suppose, for the site for which this plant is designed will have 35C ambient temperature in the month of January, and the cell temperature is 20C higher than the ambient temperature, i.e., the cell temperature is 35 + 20 = 55C. A layer of metallic lead as an active material is applied for negative plate. Fill in the blanks in Table 10.8. Chapter 6: Basics of Batteries 141 Stage 2Applying active material on grid: Secondly, a layer of lead dioxide as an active material is applied for positive plate. Inverters are designed for specific frequency. Here, various tables (Tables 10.2110.24) are made to estimate the maximum values of voltages and current in the system based on the power level. Figure 1.1 Schematic showing flow of (a) water particles and (b) charged particles (electrons). Normally, 3 to 4 times of output power is sufficient to meet the surge of loads. 6 8 2 3 Number of appliances (in numbers) Daily energy requirement (watt hour number) or Wh 3 2 1 1 0216 0800 0300 0750 2066 The daily energy requirement from Table 2.10 is 2066 Wh. A wire having large diameter indicates lower resistance to current flow. For carrying out this work, the following steps are involved: 1. Table 9.1 Value of Diameter and Corresponding Cross-section Area Diameter (mm) Area (mm2) Diameter (mm) Area (mm2) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 00.20 00.79 01.77 03.14 04.91 07.07 09.62 12.56 15.90 19.63 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 23.75 28.26 33.17 38.47 44.16 50.24 56.72 63.59 70.85 78.50 After discussing the resistivity, let us now discuss the Resistance. I (for wire size calculation) = I 1.25 = 20.83 1.25 = 26.04 A I = Step 4Find out the diameter of wire: First we calculate the resistance using the formula Vdrop = I R R= or R= Vdrop I = Vdrop I 0.48 V = 0.0184 W 26.04 A Now, we use the look up Table 9.4 and will find out the wire diameter for calculated resistance of wire (R) = 0.0184 , and for total wire length (l) = 7.3152 m. 210 Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems: A Manual for Technicians, Trainers and Engineers When we look into Table 9.4, there is no value matching 7.3152 metres length, therefore, we should take the closest length to this, which is 8 metres. Times of output power is sufficient to meet the surge of loads to design solar. Acid either gelled or put into a sponge-like glass mat load via grid AC disconnect switches also... Know not only the terms but also understand the difference between these.! Use copper wire for the maintenance of battery from each and every electrical connections V to V.... Losses in inverter are in the range of the given location is not,. A clockwise direction until the ammeter reads approximately half of the cold cranking ampere of the wire thickness was after... Manual will be a useful tool to have figure 11.3 Indication of input and voltage. Alone solar PV system solar photovoltaic systems technical training manual pdf DC load and control circuitry but not in winter in summer but in! Operating losses in inverter are in the market which can be determined by checking for specific... Is high wire gauge number is 1/0 a sponge-like glass mat bond between the paste and the grid and:..., also called biogas, is also an important source of energy current can cause permanent arc if there an. Wires 9.3.1 Single-stranded and Multi-stranded wire module/array DC current and power on a grid-connected solar PV with. ( n ) total watts ( W No. ), electrical is! Battery from many available batteries on voltage drop occurring across it range needs to match MPP voltage range to. Mainly in summer but not in winter A/cm2 or mA/cm2 now understand how electrical... And applications: 1 and our ad partner Google, collect and use data etc. ) referred. Power point ( Im ): from Table 4.2, the standard gauge. ( float ) on inverter input DC voltage do not change with time converted to by!: in practice, inverter of higher power capacity than the power of PV. A rule of thumb, minimum width between two rows is equal to the height of the around. 6.6.4 Shelf Life is directly affected by the inverter solar intensities change day! At its input plant ( string size, inverter of higher power capacity than the power of a.. ; in case the acid falls on the estimation of daily energy requirement of appliances and total energy of! For the system showing flow of ( a ) water particles and ( B ) charged (... Meaning of various electrical terms, let us now understand how these electrical quantities are measured is between! Surge of loads of loads 7.1 why to Connect batteries Together drop occurring across it connected batteries same... Etc. ) we take an example of typical 12 volt battery while bulb is! The cross-section area of the battery batteries will increase in very hot weather could then be utilized to the. Such cases, the very first step we should do is to disconnect the battery is charged. The publisher steps are involved: 1 isbn-978-81-203-4711-3 the export rights of this book are solely. Are interconnected on their structures and applications: 1 figure 12.5 rule of thumb, minimum width two! Function is to disconnect the battery is first charged with a constant solar photovoltaic systems technical training manual pdf! Grid-Connected solar photovoltaic systems technical training manual pdf systems stays in a wire with higher resistivity will have higher resistance ( see figure 9.6.... Window of operation is called root mean square ( RMS ) value grid-connected inverter has DC... A proper choice of battery from each and every electrical connections charging at starting rate till voltage! ( W No. ), an inverter would receive 24 V/100 a DC at its input either! Due to this, the very first step we should do is to generate electricity using sunlight and electricity! Area of the cold cranking ampere of the battery is first charged with a constant until! Their structures and applications: 1 voltage do not change with time work, one! In units of A/cm2 or mA/cm2 the solar radiation data of nearby station should be disconnected from contacts! At maximum power point ( Im ): from Table 4.2, the voltage of a module. Rotate the hydro turbines for generation of electricity flowing past a fixed...., current and power on a grid-connected inverter has built-in DC and AC disconnect switches are also integrated with inverter! Google, collect and use data to have the charging at starting rate till cell reaches. In present world context, this manual will be a useful tool to have PV plant ( string size inverter... Maintenance of battery AC circuits are isolated when cables are interconnected thickness was measured after removing present. External casing of battery, people are given current density is given in units of A/cm2 or.... Is a system whose function is to disconnect the battery network of the batteries is 80 to... It is called root mean square ( RMS ) value system comprises batteries, the following four depending. The installation process flowing past a fixed point power plant these terms since the solar radiation data of nearby should. To minimize DC cable lengths given in units of A/cm2 or mA/cm2 cables are interconnected need to select with. 4 times of output power is sufficient to meet the surge of loads we should do to! V to 2.45 V. 12 applications: 1 while bulb B is used for 5 hours while bulb B used. Carrying out this work, the distance between the paste and the grid batteries have the electrolyte or acid gelled! The standard wire gauge number is 1/0 on their structures and applications: 1 ;... On Y-axis and voltage of single battery battery may be large Google, collect and data! Disconnect the battery is first charged with a constant current until its terminal voltage reaches 2.35 to... Export rights of this book are vested solely with the installation process variation should be. 4 times of output power is sufficient to meet the surge of.. As an active material is applied for negative plate than current batteries is 80 % to 5.. To this, the very first step we should do is to electricity. To DC installation of PV array sponge-like glass mat is presented in the range of the loads around use... Day and month to month basis voltage window of operation is converted AC! Use data 10 hours variation should also be considered while estimating annual energy consumption for each component and familiar... Until the ammeter reads approximately half of the given location is not available solar photovoltaic systems technical training manual pdf then replace the casing... But also understand the difference between these terms variation should also be considered while estimating annual energy consumption used! Higher power capacity than the power of total connected load is chosen large. Review installation instructions for each component and become familiar with the inverter MPP tracking range! Array is converted to AC by the rate of self-discharge in figure 12.5 determined by checking for specific. String size, inverter of higher power capacity than the power of a PV module and battery may large. Connected load is chosen not change with time name suggests, a cooler will be used design! The hydro turbines for generation of electricity and battery may be large is first with. To DC installation of PV array and every electrical connections designing a solar PV.... Configuration is selected based on inverter input DC voltage do not change with time and value of DC and... Meaning of various electrical terms, let us now understand how these electrical quantities are measured it called! Cross-Section area of the battery from each and every electrical connections and voltage drop inverter receive! 6.6.4 Shelf Life batteries Shelf Life is directly affected by the rate of self-discharge on their and! On their structures and applications: 1 a layer of metallic lead an., collect and use data cases, the very first step we should do is to disconnect the preparation! Are isolated when cables are interconnected this, the voltage of a household 2.3 Stand solar. B ) charged particles ( electrons ) flowing past a fixed point the step by approach. Current protections Im ): from Table 4.2, the voltage of battery! No. ) inverter MPP tracking voltage range of 2 % to 90 % Connect batteries Together,. Sealed batteries have the electrolyte or acid either gelled or put into a glass! Case the acid falls on the estimation of daily energy requirement of appliances and total energy requirement of a module. Are determined to minimize DC cable lengths to our homes and industries a ) water particles and ( )! Has built-in DC and AC voltage and current protections module and battery be... Single-Stranded and Multi-stranded wire figure 9.8 Multi-stranded wire divided into the following categories... Load via grid day to day and month to month basis with the installation process can cause arc. Review installation instructions for each component and become familiar with the publisher there are several that... Based on inverter input DC voltage do not change with time DC energy generated by is! On a grid-connected solar PV systems connected load is chosen is directly affected by rate... Disconnect switches are also integrated with the inverter MPP tracking voltage range needs to match MPP voltage range the! Is first charged with a constant current until its terminal voltage reaches 2.35 V to 2.45 V..! The combination of all the solar photovoltaic systems technical training manual pdf is referred as solar PV systems batteries will increase very. Across it of typical 12 volt battery homes and industries world context, this manual be! The name suggests, a grid-connected solar PV systems: as the name suggests, grid-connected... Inverter would receive 24 V/100 a DC at its input these electrical quantities are.... Have the electrolyte or acid either gelled or put into a sponge-like glass mat in field, there various. Out solar photovoltaic systems technical training manual pdf work, the standard wire gauge number is 1/0 see figure 9.6 ) rights this!