The size of the national intelligence community is not precisely known, but in 2009 then-Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair described it as a 200,000-person, $75 billion per year enterprise. However, the cleverness of the software cannot provide a technological fix: analysis remains at heart an intellectual exercise based on reasoning (Russel, 2007, p. 213). The business model for a homeland intelligence agency (if we had one) would sound something like: Collect as much information from as many sources as possible, respect the civil liberties of Americans, and get the product to hundreds of thousands of local officials, public safety officers, and first responders so they can anticipate threats and respond effectively (Berkowitz, 2004, pp. Odom, W. E. (2008). (2003). When applied well, threat intelligence can help security teams defend against an ever-more sophisticated threat landscape before, during and after attack. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union the USA has emerged as the main superpower the only state with enough economic and military resources to give it the ability to take self-sufficient action almost in any part of the globe (Todd & Bloch, 2003, p. 94). The literature on intelligence and terrorism changed following the 9/11 attacks; three schools of thought emerged. Intelligence Collection: Supporting Full Spectrum Dominance and Network Centric Warfare? Exceptions include Le Gallo (2005) on covert action, and Wannall (2002), Danis (2007), Shultz and Beitler (2004), and Mobley (2012) on counterintelligence. Intelligence has never been more important in world politics than it is now at the opening of the twenty-first century (Scott & Jackson, 2004, p. xi). Dhaka: University Press Ltd. Treverton, G. F. (2001). It must also be noted that information and intelligence are two different terms: the latter is produced by a process of analysis or evaluation of the former (Odom, 2008, p. 323). Discretion and Confusion in the Intelligence Community. Why is intelligence important for a leader? Commentators such as Marrin (2003) note that homeland security intelligence requires new and greater forms of oversight, like those that emerged from the class-action lawsuit against NYPDs intelligence service during the 1970s, which resulted in the so-called Handschu agreement limiting intelligence collection by that local agency. Additionally, the material support statute constitutes a valuable deterrent to those who might be inclined to provide aid and comfort to terrorists. We need to expand our understanding of the threats and challenges we face by expanding the intelligence capabilities of all our allies and partners. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Moses, Bruce D. Research paper, Army Command and General Staff College, 2004. Scholars such as Arce and Sandler (2007) use the tools of game theory to improve our understanding of how intelligence can be used against terrorism, and more work here could prove very useful. Also, intelligence methods have been applied in order to disrupt the activities of criminal organizations that are involved in drugs, arms or people trafficking. This means that investigations of lone-wolf terrorists now must proceed under the stricter standards and shorter time periods for investigating ordinary crimes set forth in Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968.. Its a great time to be an intelligence officer. Therefore, tensions can arise between intelligence conclusions and politicians desire for particular answers. Vol. Written for: Rob Dover While I wholeheartedly endorse renewing all sunsetted PATRIOT Act provisions, it would be difficult for me to overemphasize the importance of making section 218 permanent. Pursue critical whistleblower reforms Why Intelligence Gathering is Vital to Corporate Security. Therefore this essay will analyse the importance of intelligence to international security. Our failure to deny pretrial release presumptively to individuals changed with federal crimes of terrorism has already enabled terrorists to escape justice. Market intelligence or Marketing Intelligence is the process of gathering and analyzing information about a given market. This school of thought, which may be called the intelligence reformist school, is expressed most prominently in the 9/11 Commission Report (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, 2004) and in the work of scholars such as Amy Zegart (e.g., Zegart, 2007a, 2007c). The first is that Western nations must fund their intelligence services to the level thats necessary for them to be effective. Intelligence and National Security , 23 (3), 316-332. At the beginning of the XXI century, there is still no widely established definition of intelligence (Warner, 2009, p. 6) as each author draws upon his/her personal experience. I believe we did a good job of that during my tenure, but more is always possible. Finally, we can talk of intelligence services and intelligence communities as institutions. Zegart argues that, years after 9/11, the intelligence community remains disorganized, lacks central direction, and duplicates much of its efforts. Although terrorism is not the only important mission for intelligence services in the 21st century, it is widely considered to be the top priority for Western intelligence services. Furthermore, intelligence is not only a foundation for state policies it has always had a significant role in informing and exercising actions that are not widely appreciated and, indeed, may actually breach domestic or international law. Policy makers as well as scholars have made the point that the war on terrorism is unusual in that intelligence occupies such a critical part. A few authors in the years before 9/11 were relatively optimistic about the ability of intelligence agencies and analysts to track and counter terrorist groups. Integrity is the sum of who you are. As a result, competitive intelligence is entirely legal under the law. An international terrorists ties to a terrorist organization may be murky or extremely difficult to uncover, thus making it difficult for the government to demonstrate a particular the terrorists affiliation with an international organization. They believe that the major problem is that intelligence is not sufficiently shared and coordinated within the vast intelligence community and government bureaucracy. Managed attribution is an important aspect of threat intelligence, as it allows organizations to gather information about potential threats without revealing their identity or intentions. Moreover, the department, since September 11th, has investigated over 500 cases of violence or threats against individuals perceived to be of Middle Eastern origin and obtained 17 convictions to date. With the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the need of further intelligence services was questioned (Hughes, 2011). Intelligence analysis with regard to 9/11 was faulty, according to this view, largely because it put too much emphasis on developing tactical level intelligence, which analysts and officials fail to realize will rarely be available. Warning of Terror: Explaining the Failure of Intelligence against Terrorism. From my perspective, this disparity does not make sense. PIJ is alleged to be one of the worlds most violent terrorist outfits, responsible for murdering over 100 innocent people, including Alisa Flatow, a young American killed in a bus bombing near the Israeli settlement of Kfar Darom. Today, though, collecting intel takes place mostly over computer networks and the internet and with the aid of AI algorithms designed to extract . Major international discontent and debates, particularly in the USA and UK, arose after the failure to find the WMD that was the core justification for the invasion. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Getting all of the information you need to make a decision will always lead to the best outcome. Relatively few detailed case studies have been produced of how intelligence performed in the face of terrorist attacks other than 9/11, likely because information is difficult to obtain. But much of the advice offered may be difficult to put in practice, such as the call for the intelligence community to become as agile and as innovative as its terrorist adversary (Harris, 2002, p. 13). In particular, responding to the Ninth Circuits decision in Humanitarian Law Project, Representative Greens legislation would clarify the meaning of the terms training and personnel in the material support statute. The intelligence failures surrounding the emergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and the rash of ISIL and AQ-inspired terrorist attacks throughout Europe and North America, have driven the point home. Measurement and Signatures Intelligence has become increasingly important due to growing concern about the existence and spread of weapons of mass destruction. Just think about the national security and foreign policy issues that President Obama and the senior leadership of our allies, including Prime Minister Turnbull, face every dayinternational terrorism; the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; cyber warfare, espionage, and crime; drug trafficking and human trafficking; the crisis of governance in the Middle East and North Africa; Irans pursuit of hegemony in the Middle East; the saber rattling of North Korea; the aggressiveness of Russia, the rise of China, and on and on. Simply put, section 218 is critical to the federal governments ability to conduct the coordinated, integrated campaign necessary to win the war against terrorism. And most scholars and experts believe it is an especially difficult problem for intelligence to deal with. Warner, M. (2009). Publicly, leaders often only talk about their militaries when discussing the critical tools of national security. What is Intelligence? We will now move on to the second part of the essay to analyse the need of such services in an international arena. Intelligence is conducted on three levels: strategic (sometimes called national), tactical, and counterintelligence. Everyone has instant access to it, and it goes beyond language and physical borders. Amy Zegarts Spying Blind (Zegart, 2007a) remains the lone book-length academic study of that intelligence failure; other increasingly dated works such as Posner (2005), Russell (2007a), and Betts (2007) examine the use of intelligence in the case of 9/11, but only as part of broader reviews of American intelligence. John Judge. Although the orthodox school believes the immediate cause of failure is analytical, for these thinkers the more fundamental cause lies in the limits of human cognition and psychological factors such as an overreliance on preconceived assumptions (on these cognitive problems, see Byman, 2005; Parker & Stern, 2002, 2005). . Dahl, E. J. Other scholars and analysts take a less pessimistic view than the orthodox thinkers. On August 6, 2001, in fact, this frustration led me to write a memorandum to officials in the FBI as well as the Department of Justices Criminal Division and Office of Intelligence Policy and Review. Businesses can gather this information through internal and external sources such as sales logs, surveys, social media, news websites, manufacturers, clients, or distributors. Intelligence agencies attempt to identify efforts by other countries to build or acquire such weapons and/or their delivery systems where they violate international law or threaten U.S. interests. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, The Center on Terrorism, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Literature on Intelligence and Terrorism before 9/11, Importance of Domestic and Local-Level Intelligence, Human Intelligence Is Increasingly Important, Intelligence Performance against Terrorism: Differing Schools of Thought. Rather they will have to go and hunt out intelligence that will enable them to track down or kill terrorists (Cogan, 2004, p. 317). Competitive intelligence only has value if the right information is put in the right hands at the right time. It also seeks to guide the decisions on operational work done by the police, and the rational allocation of human, material, and technical resources. Many analytical techniques deploy sophisticated software facilitating the analysis of relational data. Mostly debated is covert action or special political action as practised by the CIA. He argues that greater attention should be paid to the need for U.S. intelligence agencies to establish cooperative international relationships, especially bilateral agreements that may take advantage of another countrys comparative intelligence advantage in a particular geographic region or against a certain target. Why intelligence gathering is important in every country? Monitoring what your competitors are up to is important, but actually activating competitive insights across your entire organization is where the rubber hits the road. Lawfare, 17 Jul 2019. This article focuses primarily on how intelligence scholars and practitioners have viewed the challenges terrorism presents for intelligence organizations, and on how those experts believe intelligence agencies can best respond to the challenge. While intelligence officials could share information with prosecutors, the decision to do so always rested with national-security personnel, even though law-enforcement agents were in a better position to determine what evidence was pertinent to their criminal case. By far the greater failure was political the decision to displace the regime of Saddam Hussein was not rooted firmly or solely in intelligence. That number is believed to be twice what it was in 2001, and it is . Ephraim Kam, for example, writes that, prior to 9/11, Intelligence was more oriented toward tactical analysis in support of operations than on the strategic analysis needed to develop a broader understanding of Al Qaeda and the threat it posed (Kam, 2004, pp. Exceptions include Jones (2006), Logan (2010), and Steiner (2015) on the intelligence activities of the Department of Homeland Security. Using publicly available information and original market research is a crucial first step, but it's important to keep detailed records of where the information was found. Thank you for asking me here today. In addition to allowing law enforcement officials to provide valuable information to the intelligence community, the PATRIOT Act also has enhanced the flow of information from intelligence officials to the law enforcement community. In closing, I thank you again for giving me the opportunity to share my thoughts with you today. See, Hear, Sniff: How Airborne Spies Collect Intel, Too Much Information: Ineffective Intelligence Collection, What Does Collection Mean? Achieving all-source fusion in the Intelligence Community. The role of intelligence in determining outcomes of battles and wars has varied dramatically across conflicts and time, contributing to wide differences in judgments about the importance . Young, Alex. And Daniel Byman (2017) reviews the many difficulties involved with international intelligence cooperation, describing liaison relationships as a vital but imperfect weapon in the US counterterrorism arsenal (p. 155). Beyond Competitive Intelligence. Dupont, A. Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda. The CIA has in the last five years. Have complete knowledge of the external business environment which can influence your marketing strategy as well as the long term view of the company. Additional Topics and Gaps in the Literature, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.91, The Office of the Director of National Intelligence, The website of the Federation of American Scientists, The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), The website of the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Counterterrorism, Countering the Islamic State: U.S. counterterrorism measures, Prepared remarks at the Council on Foreign Relations, Recent patterns of terrorism prevention in the United Kingdom, Statement to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, Lessons for intelligence in the campaign against al Qaeda, Why we cant just read english newspapers to understand terrorism, and how big data can help, Homeland security intelligence: Just the beginning. Intelligence was used to justify a policy decision that was arrived at for different reasons. RAND analyzes this intelligence to help civilian policymakers and military leaders understand political and military trends around the world, the sources of potential regional conflict, and emerging threats to the global security environment, and provides recommendations on how best to employ information-gathering techniques and technologies. Abstract. The controversial case of 2003 Iraqi WMD perfectly resembles how intelligence was used explicitly as part of an attempt by governments to justify and gain support for their policies as it was discussed in one of the previous chapters. The pre-attack phase can be described in the following way: Passive information gathering to discover preliminary information about the systems, their software and the people involved with the target. But more research is needed into the broader theoretical similarities and differences between the problem of surprise attack from terrorism today, and into the challenges posed for intelligence by conventional attack or by other types of surprises. The Economist, for example, argues (2003, p. 30) that the focus on improving analysis found in much of the discussion about intelligence reform distracts attention from the real need: improved espionage, to provide the essential missing intelligence. The best way to do it, the magazines editors argued, is to place spies within the innermost councils of terrorist organizations. Currently, FISAs definition of the agent of a foreign power only includes individuals with ties to groups that engage in international terrorism. Thus, in practice intelligence information will be judged upon its ability to support a chosen course of action which has been formed even before the search for information, in this way creating a reversed knowledge/power relationship. Laqueur, W. (1985). American intelligence officials have argued that the nature of the intelligence problem is dramatically different and more difficult today. Charles Cogan writes that intelligence operatives of the 21st century will have to be more like hunters than gatherers: They will not simply sit back and gather information that comes in, analyze it and then decide what to do about it. And it may require an even more dramatic and fundamental change. Scott, L., & Jackson, P. (2004). Intelligence and National Security , 19 (2), 170-184. We are now in an age in which our primary adversary is easy to kill, but hard to find (Hayden, 2007). This body of literature can be divided into three schools of thought, into which much of the post-9/11 scholarship can be organized. Secondly, two questions will be raised: whether intelligence agencies are still needed today; and, if so, is there such a thing as international intelligence. Many in this group argue that America and the world are facing a new type of warfare; Bruce Berkowitz, for example, writes that the 9/11 attacks were an act of military geniusand may well foreshadow the next era of warfare (Berkowitz, 2002a, pp. In W. K. Wark (Ed. Intelligence specialises in the hard to find. It helps them to earn an extra advantage over others. On occasion, intelligence agencies participate in actions to prevent such activities from . This can be particularly important when gathering information about potential attackers or conducting sensitive operations. Academics, policy experts, and intelligence professionals have produced numerous articles and papers examining the current challenges presented for intelligence by terrorism, and on many issues there is broad agreement in the literature. Intelligence Services in the Information Age: Theory and Practice. It acts as a business process in which agencies implement policies and practices. But only an intelligence officer, only an intelligence service, can provide real insight into Irans nuclear warhead weaponisation work; the status of North Koreas long-range missile program; and the plans, intentions, and capabilities of terrorist groups to attack us in our homelands. Congress. This in turn produces intelligence on new targets that can be exploited and analyzed, and so on. Market intelligence can be used to help businesses make more informed decisions about their marketing and sales strategies. Fritz Ermarth notes (2002) that [g]athering intelligence on terrorists is a far more difficult task than assessing whether a strategic rival is planning a massive military attack on the United States. The importance of intelligence liaison relationships for counterterrorism was recognized well before 9/11 (e.g., Motley, 1986), but such arrangements are becoming increasingly important today in what Michael Herman calls the internationalization of intelligence (2004, p. 349350). This mornings panel addresses the vital topic of Intelligence Collection within the United States. The collection of intelligence within the United States is obviously a critical component of the federal governments efforts in the war against terrorism. Several authors view human intelligence (HUMINT) as the most important factor in countering terrorism. The first step in disrupting terrorist plots and preventing terrorist attacks is obtaining information about the operations of terrorist groups and the activities of individual terrorists, both inside and outside of our nations borders. The new requirements of countering terrorism at home are driving new methods and models of collection and analysis. Not everyone believes, however, that intelligence efforts have yet become sufficiently international. Mackmurdo (2007), for example, argues that international intelligence relationships and trust among intelligence services are lacking today. Todd, P., & Bloch, J. Intelligence activities, defined as including the process of data collection and knowledge analysis for decision making by the military and governmental hierarchies, are perceived as serving three . cognition cannot be altered by legislation (Betts, 1978, p. 83). Hulnick, A. S. (2006). The most prominent school of thought concerning terrorism and intelligence is also the most pessimistic. They argue that if anyone is to be held accountable for disasters such as 9/11, it should be the policy makers for having failed to take heed of the intelligence warnings they were provided (Marrin, 2011). This work can be used for background reading and research, but should not be cited as an expert source or used in place of scholarly articles/books. The first two gather information regarding threats to national interest and supervise operations to pre-empt or disrupt these threats (terrorism, proliferation and organized crime). The first is that the number of critical national security issues facing US senior policymakers has never been greater than it is today. Among the few works that do discuss intelligence successes are Betts (2002, 2007), Irons (2008), and Dahl (2013). 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