To demonstrate the improved properties of the polyacrylamide hydrogel and its suitability for use in the oil industry, several testing methods were applied. This allows calculating the sodium acrylate concentration in swollen hydrogels. If wikiHow has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. El-hoshoudy et al. In addition to conforming to standard testing protocols derived from literature [22,23,24], the characterisation of the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate was based on their transient stimuli response to pH, salinity concentration, temperature and reaction time periods (Fig. Sodium polyacrylate can absorb a huge amount of water compared to most other materials. Mahon, R., Balogun, Y., Oluyemi, G. et al. It is used in laundry detergents as a sequestering agent to bind elements in hard water such as Calcium & Magnesium so that the surfactants work better and clothes get cleaner. The conductivity of the hydrogel electrolyte was 1 M sodium hydroxide solution was used to alter the pH of deionised water at appropriately 21 C. For both samples, minor weight loss was observed at temperatures less than 250C. E-mail:
This indicates that the swelling process does appropriately fit the Schott second-order dynamic equation. This phenomenological change is due to the abundant of COO group which reduces the hydrogen bonding interactions. [1] 2 Put on some safety goggles. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Engesserstrae 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
J Adv Res 6:105121, Zhao C, Shengqiang N, Min T, Shudong S (2011) Polymeric pH-sensitive membranesa review. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) was used to analyse the bonds formed by the chemical structure of the prepared hydrogel. The local polymer mobility in water is probed in the form of transverse (T2) 1H-relaxation at a low field, which allowed confirming the structural aspects of the studied network topologies. Cite this article, A Correction to this article was published on 28 July 2021. You do not have JavaScript enabled. cm1 was prepared by immersing the superabsorbent composite in 1 M KCl aqueous solution. This phenomenological occurrence can be attributed to the effect of the additional cations which cause a decrease in anionanion electrostatic repulsion, resulting in a decrease in the osmotic pressure difference between the polymer networks and the external solution. WebThe sodium polyacrylate will change into a gel as it absorbs the water. The rheology of poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogel cross-linked with N, N -methylene (bisacrylamide), during gelation is studied. Aqueous sodium polyacrylate was added to dopes of lignin/PVA to yield high strength fibers without the use of gel aging. Last Updated: January 7, 2023 Several important conclusions have emerged: The swelling behaviour of the granular SPHs tested were significantly influenced by the characteristics of the absorbing solutions (pH and ionic concentrations). The third stage of decomposition is attributed to depolymerisation reactions and the breaking of the crosslinks between the different polymeric chains. Gel strength was estimated qualitatively using the Sydansks gel strength code by monitoring the appearance of the gel structure on the wall of the inverted ampoule at different time intervals. Deionised water was obtained from an 18 Milli-Q Integral ultrapure water system. The particle size ranges of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate were determined by microscopy to be in the range of 100250m and 300700m respectively. This allows calculating the sodium acrylate concentration in swollen hydrogels. Biomacromol 1(1):8490, Mittal H, Jindal R, Kaith B, Maity A, Ray S (2015) Flocculation and adsorption properties of biodegradable gum-ghatti-grafted poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) hydrogels. The study investigated the effects of polymer and crosslinker concentrations, temperature, salinity, and pH on the swelling performance of the PPG. The study results provide evidence that the two superabsorbent polymer hydrogels can be used for petroleum fraction-saline water emulsions separation, among other applications. Figure5ad shows their particle sizes, surface textures, particle shapes and their corresponding particle size distribution. [31] who reported gelation codes of E to G by varying the concentration of SiO2 of their novel composite polymer gel and also Zareie et al. J Appl Polym Sci 128(3):18611870. The acrylamide-sodium acrylate hydrogel was synthesized by free radical polymerization of the method of solution polymerization. It was observed that the PPG swelling ratio declined with an increase in the polymer and crosslinker concentrations and salinity. Hydrogels have been used as a drug delivery system in varying medical areas from cardiology, oncology, and immunology and wound healing to pain management. Slow temperature response rate and low mechanical strength have been identified as common disadvantages of hydrogels [12]. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Clearance Center request page. This study experimentally evaluated the swelling performance of two SPHs, poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate, based on their stimuli response to pH, salinity concentration, temperature and reaction time periods. Characterisation and evaluation of the materials were performed using analytical techniquesoptical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and the gravimetric method. Sodium polyacrylate is an absorbent polymer that can absorb up to 400 times its weight. WebSuperabsorbent sodium polyacrylate polymeric hydrogels that retain large amounts of liquids are used in disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, and other applications. The difference in mobile ion concentration between the polymer networks and liquid phases decreases resulting in a decrease in absorbency capacity. The pH value of most oilfield water is between 4 and 9. Absorbency of poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate under different salinity concentrations and temperature conditions a 25C, b 50C, and c 75 (rows) C after 2h and 6h (columns). J Pet Sci Eng 169:739747, Bai B, Zhang H (2011) Preformed particle gel transport through open fracture and its effect on water flow. quantity SPHs exhibit dramatic volume transition in response to chemical stimuli such as pH [5]. Salt partitioning between the gel and the surrounding solution phase in NaCl solutions with an initial salt concentration of c0 = 0.0170.60 mol L1 (135 g L1) is investigated. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. [21] have reported 30C; the optimal temperature range of the hydrogels in this study was evaluated to be between 50 and 75C. The TG curve of pyrolysis of the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate takes place prominently in the temperature range of 281620C and 360592C, respectively. The results from this study conclusively demonstrate that both poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate are promising materials which can be implemented in a wide range of industrial applications. Surface morphologies were imaged at magnifications of 75 and 6000. Start with about 5 to 7 g (1 to 1.25 teaspoons) of salt, then add more as needed. Runs were carried out at various temperatures of 25C, 50C, 75C and 100C. WebVarious poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogels with different architectures, such as single networks, interpenetrating double networks and surface crosslinked hydrogels, are synthesized with a systematic change in their degree of crosslinking. Close this notification Accessibility Links Skip to content Skip to search IOPscience Skip to Journals list Eur Polymer J 44:20242031, Li L, Du X, Deng J, Yang W (2011) Synthesis of optically active macroporous poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels with helical poly(N-propargylamide) for chiral recognition of amino acids. The validity of the Winter-Chambon criterion is examined for gelation. cm1 was prepared by immersing the superabsorbent composite in 1 M KCl aqueous solution. volume2, Articlenumber:117 (2020) Conversely, an increase in the polymer and crosslinker concentration enhanced the PPG strength. Superabsorbent polymer hydrogels (SPHs) are a unique set of swellable polymeric materials. The effect of time on the swelling performance is illustrated in Fig. The hydrogels used for the study were impregnated with polystyrene nanoparticles by free radical polymerisation in the presence of a crosslinking agent of different concentrations. [2] This super-absorbent polymer (SAP) has the ability to absorb 100 to 1000 times its mass in water. For both samples at 75C and higher, their polymer networks collapsed significantly leading to a release of absorbed water. The swelling performance of the nanocomposite hydrogels show sensitivity to pH with the maximum swelling observed at pH 7; however, this decreased with an increase in the salt concentration. Decomposition profiles of the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate samples showed their structural water loss (19% and 14%, equivalent to their remaining weights of 4.66g and 6.72g) between 31 and 281C and 26360C, respectively. Polymer 39(3):641650, Schild HG, David AT (1990) Sodium 2-(N-Dodecylamino)naphthalene-6-sulfonate as a probe of polymer-surfactant interaction. Characterisation of the 2-(hexadecyloxy) ethyl methacrylate surfmer was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which evaluated the decomposition profile of the hydrogel sample while proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) was conducted to confirm the complete polymerisation of the monomers along with the absence of different chemical shifts. Correspondence to manfred.wilhelm@kit.edu, b
Compression tests of the hydrogels were performed for different crosslinker concentrations. WebVarious poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogels with different architectures, such as single networks, interpenetrating double networks and surface crosslinked hydrogels, are synthesized with a systematic change in their degree of crosslinking. This indicated that the SPH materials exhibit reasonable gel strength and stability. The water level in the ice bath needs to reach the agar water level in the saucepan. Several techniques have been adopted to modify hydrogels to increase their suitability for various applications, for example crosslinking with nanoparticles [13, 14] and copolymerisation [15]. For this reason, TG curves of the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate were obtained from their dry, initial weights of 5.78g and 7.79g, respectively (Fig. where S and Serepresent polymer swelling ratios in deionised water and in the electrolyte solution, respectively. In these experiments, 1g of the polymer samples was added to 100mL of deionised water in a thermally resistant sealed glass bottle at 90C. Generally, increasing pH and salinity concentration led to a significant decline in the swelling performance of both superabsorbent polymer hydrogels. The influence of these 3D structures on the absorbency of aqueous NaCl solutions is investigated. This was similar to Lashari et al. [21] reported the thermal response of the hydrogels tested and stated that the hydrogels were sensitive to the temperature condition with the highest swelling capacity found at pH 7 at 30C. Can absorb up to 400 times its mass in water, Oluyemi, et. Textures, particle shapes and their corresponding particle size distribution sodium acrylate hydrogel SPH materials exhibit reasonable gel strength stability... Carried out at various temperatures of 25C, 50C, 75C and higher, their polymer networks collapsed leading... 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